DOCUMENTO SUI CONTENUTI SCIENTIFICI
RELATIVI ALL’INFEZIONE DA HIV E ALL’AIDS
DOMANDE E RISPOSTE
(Aggiornamento settembre 2010)
Il presente Documento è il risultato del lavoro svolto nell’ambito del Progetto “Creazione e Coordinamento di una Rete tra i Servizi Telefonici italiani governativi e non, impegnati nella prevenzione dell’infezione da HIV e dell’AIDS (2007 – 2008)”. Progetto promosso e finanziato dal Ministero del Lavoro, della Salute e delle Politiche Sociali, con Responsabilità Scientifica e Coordinamento dell’Istituto Of Health in collaboration with the representatives of Italian AIDS Help Line
INFORMATION ON TEST
1
D. What diagnostic tests should be performed to detect HIV infection?
R. HIV infection is detected by first-level tests, including: tests that identify antibodies to HIV (EIA, ELISA and the like), combined tests (not only identify the antibodies but also the p24 antigen) and methods molecular biology (PCR, NAT, which identificano il genoma del virus). I test che identificano gli anticorpi vengono poi confermati con test di secondo livello (Western Blot, RIPA, RIBA).
2
D. È possibile sottoporsi ad esami e controlli mantenendo l’anonimato?
R. Sì, in alcuni Centri Diagnostico-Clinici è possibile mantenere l’anonimato (completa assenza dei dati della persona/utente – non viene richiesto alcun documento); in altri, invece, il test è strettamente confidenziale (la persona/utente fornisce i propri dati solo all’operatore che effettua il test, il quale li conserva and treats them as confidential - Legislative Decree 30/06/2003 published in the Official Gazette No. 174 of 29/07/2003, Suppl. Ordinario No. 123).
Law No. 135 of 8 June 1990 states that health professionals should "exercise of their profession, become aware of an AIDS case or a case of HIV infection are required to provide the necessary assistance, taking all measures needed to protect the confidentiality of the patient. "
addition, the legislation provides that "no one can be subjected without his consent, for analysis aimed to ascertain HIV infection except on grounds of clinical need in its interest. "
are allowed analysis of detection of HIV infection, "as part of epidemiological programs, only when the blood samples for analysis are made anonymous with absolute impossibility of achieving the identification of persons (art. 5, paragraph 3).
"The communication of the results of direct or indirect diagnostic tests for HIV infection can be given only to the person to whom these tests are reported or legal guardians (Article 5 paragraph 4).
In any case, provide your information to the operator, prior to taking the HIV test, has the sole purpose of protecting the person that the results can only be delivered to you.
3
D. The public test is always free?
R. In public, the test is free, as specified by the Ministerial Decree of 1 February 1991, which identifies the diseases that qualify for exemption from the ticket. The Ministry of Labour, Health and Welfare has set up in 2008, in agreement with the Regions and Provinces Autonome, il Sistema Nazionale di Sorveglianza delle Nuove Diagnosi di Infezioni da HIV che permetterà, tra l’altro, di fare il punto sulla corretta applicazione delle norme che garantiscono gratuità e anonimato del test da parte delle Aziende Sanitarie Locali.
Le persone straniere, anche se prive del permesso di soggiorno, possono effettuare il test alle stesse condizioni del cittadino italiano.
4
D. Quando è opportuno effettuare il test HIV?
R. Il test deve essere eseguito dopo 3 mesi (periodo finestra) dall’ultimo comportamento at risk. This time period is necessary for the organism to develop specific antibodies against HIV.
E 'should always refer to the evaluation of the prescribing physician or medical examination, that the person meets the Clinical-Diagnostic Centre.
5
D. When it is unnecessary to repeat the HIV test?
R. It is useless when the test performed after 3 months of the last risky behavior, is negative. This fact indicates that the contagion has not happened.
6
D. A positive result is always indicative of HIV infection?
R. If a test is positive and is subsequently confirmed by a Western Blot test, states, definitively, that the infection occurred.
7
D. All pregnant women should be tested for HIV?
R. HIV testing in pregnancy as in any other situation is not mandatory. However, this test is shown in the diagnostic tests offered to women who are planning to become pregnant or who is already pregnant.
Submission of 'HIV
8
D. How is it transmitted HIV infection?
R. Infection with HIV is transmitted through:
- sexual contact: vaginal, anal, oral-genital contact between the genitals and practiced unprotected by a condom. This transmission occurs through contact between infected fluids (vaginal secretions, precoitale fluid, semen, blood) and also mucosal intact during intercourse. Sores and genital lesions caused by other diseases may increase the risk of infection.
Coitus interruptus does not protect against HIV, as well as the use of birth control pills, diaphragm, vaginal ring and the spiral. The douching after sexual intercourse, do not eliminate the possibility of infection.
- Contact with infected blood: sharing needles, blood transfusions or infected blood products and / or transplantation of infected organs, the use of infected tools. Direct contact between skin wounds, deep, open and bleeding, sketches blood or other body fluids on the membranes / mucous membranes (such as eyes).
- Vertical Transmission: HIV from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breast-feeding at the breast.
9
D. The practice of petting can transmit HIV infection?
R. The petting (set of practices and effusions of a sexual nature, such as kissing, masturbation, genital rubbing, stroking each other, but not involving sex full penetration) may be at risk when in the mouth, penis, vagina or anus come into contact with genital fluids, such as vaginal secretions, precoitali secretions, semen and / or blood.
10
D. Which body fluids transmit the virus?
R. The fluids that transmit HIV are semen, precoitale fluid, vaginal secretions, blood, breast milk.
11
D. Why are considered at higher risk of infection type of anal intercourse?
R. Anal intercourse are at increased risk because the anal mucosa is very fragile and this practice can create injuries / micro-cracks that could increase the passage of the virus.
12
D. Are at risk of HIV infection who take drugs intravenously?
R. Yes, I'm only at risk if exchange syringes and articles for the preparation of drugs.
13
of sexual intercourse with multiple partners increases the risk of HIV infection?
R. No, if sexual relations using a condom properly. In fact, condoms used correctly, is the surest means for the prevention of HIV infection. Properly use a condom means wear it from the outset for the duration of the relationship until the end without breaking or coming off.
14
D. Prostitutes can transmit HIV infection?
R. Yes, if they are HIV-positive people. There are, in fact, people at risk, but risk-taking behavior, so the prostitutes are infected with HIV can transmit the virus during sexual intercourse if non usano il preservativo con i clienti e/o con il proprio partner. Il virus, infatti, non fa distinzione di sesso, età, religione, razza, condizioni socio-economiche, orientamento sessuale.
Invece, se è il cliente ad essere sieropositivo e a non usare il preservativo durante il rapporto sessuale, è la prostituta che corre rischio di contrarre l’infezione da HIV alla prostituta.
15
D. Le persone contagiate per via ematica possono trasmettere il virus durante i rapporti sessuali?
R. Sì, se non usano correttamente il preservativo. Usare correttamente il preservativo significa indossarlo, sin dall’inizio, per tutta la durata e fino al termine del rapporto senza che si rompa o che si sfili.
16
D. Che cosa rischiano le persone sieropositive e i loro partner continuando a praticare comportamenti a rischio?
R. Le persone sieropositive che scambino siringhe (nel caso di uso di sostanze per via endovenosa) o continuino ad avere rapporti non protetti da preservativo, rischiano di infettare altre persone, di reinfettarsi e di essere esposti ad altre malattie infettive ed infezioni a trasmissione sessuale.
17
D. In a couple where both partners are HIV positive, it helps protect all sexual intercourse with a condom?
R. Yes, always, in fact, there is a risk of infection with different viral strains can develop resistance to drugs. In addition, there is the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections.
18
D. Sexual intercourse with an infected person are at risk?
R. No, if penetrative sexual intercourse (anal, Vaginal orogenital charged) is used the condom correctly.
19
D. Children how they can become infected with HIV?
R. Children can become infected with HIV from HIV-positive mother during pregnancy, at delivery and during breastfeeding. For this reason, at present, HIV-positive pregnant women receiving antiretroviral therapy, give birth by elective cesarean delivery and avoid breast-feeding in favor of artificial feeding. It is also administered antiretroviral therapy also to the child. This will reduce considerably the risk of infection for the baby.
20
D. The person with HIV shows signs / symptoms of infection?
R. Not always because the state of infection can survive long without any symptoms.
21
D. The oro-genital relationship is at risk for HIV?
R. It is only at risk for the person who puts his mouth (oro-genital relations practiced) in contact with the genitals of an infected partner. However, it may be at risk even for those who suffer the ratio (person making contact with their genitals to the mouth of the other) if the partner has open sores and bleeding in the mouth, so as to leave copious and abundant traces of blood on the genitals partner.
22
D. When the contact with the blood may pose a risk?
R. When there is a direct contact between two deep and open wounds and bleeding, or following an entry in the vein of infected blood (eg needle exchange). When the contact is with intact skin, there is no risk of becoming infected with HIV.
psychosocial aspects
23
D. Infection with HIV may be grounds for discrimination?
R. No, because the Italian law protects the person with HIV from discrimination in social, health, employment,.
"The detection of HIV infection can not be grounds for discrimination, especially for school enrollment, to conduct activities sports, access to or retention of jobs, "as stated in Article 5, paragraph 5 of Law No. 135 8 June 1990.
Note: The Constitutional Court, ruling by May 23 to June 2, 1994, no 218 (Off. Jour. June 8, 1994, No. 24 - Special series), has declared the unconstitutionality of Article. 5, third and fifth paragraphs, in so far does not provide medical examinations of the absence of HIV infection by HIV as a condition for carrying out activities that pose a risk to the health of others.
24
D. Una persona contagiata da HIV o malata di AIDS può essere licenziata per tale motivo?
R. No, come indica l’articolo 5, comma 5 della Legge n. 135 dell’8 giugno 1990.
25
D. Un operatore sanitario, che lavori all’interno del Servizio Sanitario Nazionale, può rifiutarsi di assistere un sieropositivo o un malato di AIDS?
R. No, perchè alla persona sieropositiva o malata di AIDS, deve essere offerta tutta l’assistenza e le cure necessarie come per qualsiasi altra persona residente sul territorio Italian.
"Health care workers who, in the exercise of their profession, are aware of one case of HIV infection are required to provide the necessary assistance by taking all measures needed to protect the confidentiality of the patient" (Article 5, paragraph 1 of Law No. 135 of 8 June 1990)
PREVENTION
26
D. How can you eliminate the risk of becoming infected with HIV through sexual intercourse?
R. The correct use of condoms may avoid the risk of infection during any kind of sexual relationship with each partner. For a correct use of condoms is important to read the expiration date and instructions on the pack, wear it from beginning to end of sexual intercourse, use it only once, unroll it on the erect penis, remove air from the tank, taking care not to damage it with fingernails or rings, kept carefully away from sources of heat (dashboard etc.) and without fold (pockets, wallet). Should not be used oil-based lubricants (Vaseline) because they may alter the structure of the condom and cause breakage.
27
D. The condom eliminates the risk of infection?
R. Yes, if worn since the beginning of the report, for the duration and if it does not break. For proper use, follow the instructions in the package.
28
D. The condom should be used even for just one sex?
R. Yes, because you can only infect a sexual relationship.
29
D. I rapporti sessuali con una persona sieropositiva devono essere protetti in modo specifico?
R. E’ sufficiente utilizzare il preservativo, in tutti i rapporti sessuali penetrativi dall’inizio alla fine.
30
D. Sì può contrarre, oggi, l’infezione da HIV mediante una trasfusione di sangue?
R. È estremamente improbabile poiché a partire dal 1987, le unità di sangue sono sottoposte a screening obbligatorio con la conseguente eliminazione di quelle risultate positive all’HIV. Il minor ricorso transfusion "useless", the action all'autotrasfusione, the heat treatment of blood donor selection and the exclusion of those with risky behaviors, have actually eliminated the risk of infection through this mode.
31
D. People who have risk behaviors can donate blood?
R. No, because it may have been infected with HIV and, therefore, to donate blood infected with HIV.
32
D. There is a condom femminile, che possa essere indossato dalla donna?
R. Sì esiste, anche se ancora non è disponibile in tutte le regioni italiane. In alcune regioni del Nord Italia (come ad esempio Emilia Romagna e Trentino) il preservativo femminile può essere acquistato nelle farmacie comunali. Inoltre, è possibile ordinare in farmacia i preservativi femminili.
33
D. Le persone sieropositive possono avere figli?
R. Sì. Nel caso si tratti della donna ad aver contratto l’infezione da HIV, è possibile diminuire il rischio di trasmissione dell’HIV the child through antiretroviral therapy (antepartum and intrapartum maternal treatment, antiretroviral prophylaxis to the infant), elective caesarean section, formula feeding. In this case, to avoid transmission to the uninfected male partner during conception, intrauterine insemination is used.
other hand, if the male partner is HIV positive using the method of washing the semen (sperm washing). Among other things, this method reduces the possibility of super-infection when both partners are HIV positive (National Commission for the Fight against AIDS, "Updating of knowledge on the treatment of HIV infection, 2008).
addition, the new text of the Guidelines of Law 40 of 2004, published in the Official Gazette No. 101 of 30/04/2008, you specify who can access assisted reproductive technologies including couples where the male partner has HIV infection.
deception
34
D. HIV can penetrate intact skin?
R. No, because the skin is a protection, a "coating" a barrier for our body.
35
D. It is dangerous to live in the same surroundings as an HIV-positive or sick with AIDS?
R. No, because the share living spaces, the ordinary social contact, sharing clothes, shake hands, pose no risk of infection.
36
D. Infection with HIV can be transmitted through kissing "deep"?
R. No, except if the infected person has injuries and bleeding of the oral mucosa macroscopically visible. In this case, the contact during the kiss is not just with the saliva, but also with blood.
37
D. You can become infected by drinking the same glass or eating from the same pot of people living with HIV?
R. No, because the saliva does not transmit this virus.
38
D. The tears and sweat can transmit HIV infection?
R. No, le lacrime, il sudore, la saliva, ma anche l’urina, le feci, il vomito e le secrezioni nasali non trasmettono l’infezione da HIV.
39
D. Si può contrarre l’infezione da HIV usando il rasoio o lo spazzolino da denti di persone sieropositive?
R. No, perchè l’infezione da HIV si trasmette attraverso un contatto “diretto” con il sangue infetto. Tuttavia, è buona norma igienica, non usare strumenti personali in comune, indipendentemente, dalla conoscenza dello stato di sieropositività dell’altro.
40
D. It can transmit the infection through the instruments used by the dentist?
R. No, because the dentist must use sterilized instruments or tools, disposable (single use).
41
D. The insects and domestic animals can transmit HIV infection?
R. No, because it is not possible to transmit human / animal and vice versa. This virus, in fact, can only transmit from one human to another infected.
42
D. A child with HIV can infect another healthy baby?
R. No, no child has ever infected in social contact with a HIV positive child. He is a child with HIV, which have a compromised immune system, at risk of contracting easier typical childhood infectious diseases.
43
D. What are the specific precautions that school personnel may take in case of bleeding by an HIV positive child?
R. The precaution to be used, as in all situations of contact with the blood of other people, is the use of gloves to make the dressing of wounds.
44
D. You can transmit HIV infection through towels, sheets and toilet seats?
R. No, because the sharing of these objects do not pose any risk of infection.
45
D. You can transmit HIV infection through bites, scratches, coughing?
R. No, in this way does not transmit HIV.
46
D. The virus is transmitted by attending gyms, swimming pools, showers, saunas, toilets, schools, kindergartens, workplaces, restaurants, bars, cinemas, public buildings and transport?
R. No, we can become infected in this way.
47
D. The virus can be transmitted through accidental punctures with needles or syringes left in the streets?
R. No, you can not transmit In this way, because the virus outside the human body, exposed to ambient conditions, loses its ability infectious.
48
D. The physician in the exercise of his profession, when certifying the health of a person with HIV to access to sporting activities, is required to notify the coach or the manager of sports HIV status of their assistance?
R. No, because the doctor responds to a code of ethics that protects the confidentiality of his clients. Moreover, Law 135 of 1990 prohibits any person to communicate to others the diagnosis of HIV infection.
Finally, there are no impediments to the discharge of non competitive sports.
information about the virus and the spread of HIV IN ITALY AND THE WORLD
49
D. What is the cause of HIV infection?
R. The cause of HIV is a virus that by 1986 he was named the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Human Immunodeficiency Virus - HIV). We identified two main types of HIV, called HIV-1 and HIV-2, which seem to have similar clinical and pathological features.
about the origin of the virus, there are several hypotheses, but none has been substantiated scientifically.
50
D. How many HIV-positive are in the world?
R. According to data published in the UNAIDS report, it is estimated that around the world, people living with HIV at the end of 2007, were 33 million (30-36 million), of which 2 million are children (UNAIDS 2008 Report on the global AIDS epidemic - http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/2008/ ).
51
D. Quanti casi di AIDS ci sono in Italia?
R. Dal 1982 al 31 dicembre 2008 i casi di AIDS notificati in Italia sono 60.346 (Suligoi B. et al., Aggiornamento delle nuove diagnosi di infezione al 31 dicembre 2007 e dei casi di AIDS in Italia al 31 dicembre 2008 – http://www.iss.it/binary/publ/cont/COAonline.pdf )
52
D. Quanti HIV-positive people are there in Italy?
R. It is estimated that approximately 150,000 people living with HIV (UNAIDS 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic http://www.unaids.org/en/CountryResponses/Countries/italy.asp ).
other sexually transmitted infections
53
D. What are sexually transmitted infections?
R. Currently known about thirty different clinical pictures of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), caused by more than 20 agents infectious. The following table is a list of the major STIs, their causative agents and the clinical picture more often.
| . AGENT AGENT | INFECTION | Clinical |
| VIRUS | ||
| Immunodeficency Human Virus (HIV) | AIDS | Immunodeficiency severe |
| Human papilloma virus (HPV) | warts | Proliferation genital skin-mucosa (penis, vagina, vulva, cervix, anus and rectum), the visible lesions colposcope |
| Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) | Genital Herpes | vesiculobullous lesions ulcerative anogenital |
| Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) | Viral Hepatitis | acute and chronic hepatitis |
| Pox virus | molluscum contagiosum | exophytic lesions umbilicate |
| BACTERIA | ||
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | Gonorrhea | Uretrite, faringite, cervicite e anorettite |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | Infezione da Chlamydia trachomatis Linfogranuloma venereo | Cervicite, uretrite, anorettite e faringite Lesioni ulcerative e linfodenopatia |
| Treponema pallidum | Sifilide primaria, secondaria, terziaria | Lesioni ulcerative, rash, organ pathology |
| Mycoplasma genitalium, Gardenerella vaginalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Anaerobes | non gonococcal infections chlamydia no wings | urethritis and vaginitis |
| PROTOZOA | ||
| Trichomonas vaginalis | Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis | Vaginitis, urethritis |
| Phthirus pubis | Pediculosis pubis Infestation | the hair genital |
Please note that:
- the STIs are often asymptomatic;
- promote the acquisition and transmission of HIV;
- can lead to serious complications and sequelae (in case of missed or incorrect diagnosis and therapy), which infertility, ectopic pregnancy, preterm delivery, abortion, fetal harm and the baby, cancer,
- bacterial and protozoal STIs are cured effectively with antimicrobials, while viral STIs (genital herpes and genital warts) are available antiviral therapies and a new HPV vaccine.
For further study see:
INFORMAZIONI SUI FARMACI E SULLE TERAPIE
54
D. Quali farmaci attualmente sono utilizzati per il trattamento delle persone con HIV e con AIDS?
R. Oggi vengono utilizzate terapie combinate HAART(High Aggressive Antiretroviral Therapy) che consistono nell’associazione di più farmaci e permettono un abbassamento della carica virale. Ciò consente alla persona con HIV di avere una migliore qualità di vita e una maggiore prospettiva di vita.
La terapia utilizzata per le persone sieropositive, introdotta in Italia a partire dal 1996, deve essere mirata per ogni singola persona con HIV e va concordata con il medico infettivologo che segue la persona.
55
D. In cosa consiste la profilassi post-esposizione (PPE)?
R. La profilassi post-esposizione consiste nell’utilizzo di farmaci Antiretrovirali ARV a scopo di profilassi. “Si tratta di una procedura consolidata nella prevenzione del rischio di trasmissione occupazionale da HIV in ambiente sanitario o comunque lavorativo. Ancora dibattuto, ma ormai largamente diffuso, è il ricorso alla PPE anche in caso di esposizione a rischio non occupazionale, definita come tutte quelle situazioni accidentali e sporadiche in cui c’è un contatto con il sangue o altri liquidi biologici potenzialmente a rischio di trasmettere l’infezione da HIV, quali le esposizioni unprotected sex and needle exchange / syringe.
Although primary prevention by reducing risk behavior constitutes the first line of defense against infection with HIV, the PPE is considered an important opportunity when prevention efforts have failed or are not feasible, as during a rape. "
(National Commission for the Fight against AIDS, "Updating of knowledge on the treatment of HIV infection, 2008).
The PPE should be initiated preferably within 1-4 hours of exposure It is not suitable when after 48 hours.
The indication of post-exposure prophylaxis should be carefully considered to safeguard the individual, which may develop drug resistance if it were subsequently infected.
56
D. What are the causes of lipodystrophy?
R. Lipodystrophy is a syndrome (associated with ipertriglicerimia, high cholesterol, diabetes) that occurs in HIV-positive people with characteristic fat accumulation in the abdomen, breast and back (buffalo hump) and / or with thinning of the subcutaneous fat of the face, buttocks and limbs (fat wasting).
"adverse events may be related to a single drug or a class of drugs used in combination, for which the specific role of single agent is not always well defined.
would be "to encourage all diagnostic and intervention strategies useful, from the baseline to monitor rather than prevent the toxicity and intervene where necessary, including clinical supervision. In special cases, eg for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and some aspects of lipodystrophy syndrome, promote a good lifestyle (nutrition, physical activity) is certainly necessary as a basis to promote the prevention and containment of the same. (National Commission for the Fight against AIDS, "Updating of knowledge on the treatment of HIV infection, 2008).
There currently is no specific therapy for lipodystrophy, if not the plastic surgery.
Finally, people with HIV require careful and constant monitoring therapeutic approach for the increased cardiovascular risk associated with these metabolic changes and the need to conduct therapy long-term antiretroviral (Tubili C., Tozzi V, Narciso P., 2002).
information on scientific research
57
D. To what extent is scientific research?
R. Currently research is focused on testing new drugs and vaccines for prevention and cure.
58
D. What is a vaccine?
R. A vaccine is a drug that stimulates the immune system to react specifically against a particular foreign agent. The vaccines have been designed especially for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. The administration of a vaccine that induces, in fact, in the body, an immune response that determines the security of the person vaccinated against a microorganism (bacterium or virus), responsible for one or more diseases (in the case of combination vaccines).
Vaccines may consist of inactivated whole viruses or bacteria (killed) or their fragments. These vaccines stimulate antibody responses, but they can not cause infectious disease. There are vaccines made micro-organisms live, but weakened, which may induce a mild and asymptomatic disease and effective stimulation of specific immunity against the infectious agent.
The importance of general vaccination programs is that not only produce effects on the person who receives the vaccine, but also on the entire population by reducing the circulation and transmission of the causative agent of a specific disease.
59
D. What is a preventive vaccine?
R. A vaccine is defined preventivo quando ha lo scopo di prevenire un’infezione o una malattia in un individuo sano.
60
D. Che cosa è un vaccino terapeutico?
R. Viene definito terapeutico un vaccino somministrato ad una persona già infetta o malata. Esso ha lo scopo di indurre o potenziare la risposta immunitaria specifica per controllare l’evoluzione di un’infezione o di una malattia. Un vaccino terapeutico potenzialmente si configura come un’ulteriore arma per controllare l’evoluzione di una malattia.
61
D. Che cos’è un trial clinico?
R. Trial è una parola inglese che significa “prova”. In italiano si parla di “studio clinico”. I trial clinici vengono effettuati per capire se un nuovo trattamento (somministrazione di un farmaco o vaccino) è applicabile agli esseri umani, se può essere nocivo, se ha o meno effetti collaterali, se è efficace e in quale misura lo è nel contrastare la malattia o prevenire l’infezione e quali sono i dosaggi più opportuni. Quando si sperimenta un nuovo trattamento devono essere superate tre tappe consecutive, definite convenzionalmente fasi I, II e III.
Generally any new substance in the process of being tested on human beings was first subjected to a long period of study in the laboratory. Subsequently, the substance is tested on laboratory animals (mouse, rat, rabbit, monkey). This phase is called pre-clinical trials. If animal studies show that the substance is not toxic and is effective, it is evaluated the opportunity to initiate Phase I clinical trial.
62
D. What kind of vaccine is based on the TAT protein (studied at the National Institute of Health)
R. This is a vaccine against HIV based on the use of a virus protein called TAT, which is essential for viral replication. For more information, visit the National Institute of Health website at: http://www.iss.it/aids/ .
WHO TO CONTACT
63
D. What if I can turn to for scientific information and updated on HIV infection and AIDS?
R. And 'please contact:
National Service Telephone Verde AIDS - 800 861061 - Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome.
Monday to Friday from 13.00 to 18.00
Anonymous and free.
AIDS Solidarity Association (ASA), Milan - 02 58107084
Monday to Friday from 10.00 to 19.00
Anonymous, No charge.
ASL RM / AIDS Unit C, District 11, Roma - 06 51005071
Monday to Saturday from 8.00 am to 12.30 pm
Anonymous, No Free
ASL Varese - 800 012080
Monday to Friday from 9.00 am to 12.00
Anonymous and free
In Clinic appointment:
Monday from 14.00 to 17.00
Tuesday from 9.00 am to 11.00 am
Thursday from 14.00 to 17.00.
White Space Association, Perugia - 800 015249
Tuesday from 21.00 to 23.00
In other days and times other than those specified is a service of voicemail
Anonymous and free.
National Association for the Fight against AIDS (ANLAIDS) Onlus, Rome 2006 4820999
Monday to Friday from 9.00 am to 18.00
Wednesday from 9.00 am to 14.00
Anonymous, No charge.
National Association for the Fight against AIDS (ANLAIDS) Onlus Lazio, Roma - 06 4746031
Monday to Friday from 9.00 am to 17.00
Anonymous , No charge.
National Association for the Fight against AIDS (ANLAIDS) Onlus, Milan, GVMAS - 02 33608683
Monday to Friday from 9.00 am to 18.00
Anonymous, No charge.
ALA, Milan - 800 822150
Monday from 16.00 to 19.00
Wednesday from 15.00 to 19.00
Friday from 15.00 to 18.00
Anonymous and free.
Alfaomega Volunteers Association, Mantova - 037 649951
Monday to Friday from 9.00 am to 18.00
Anonymous, No charge.
Caritas Ambrosiana, AIDS Secretariat, Milan - 02 76022814
Monday to Friday from 9.30 am to 13.00
Anonymous, No charge.
Mario Mieli Homosexual Cultural Circle, Rome - 06 5413985
Monday to Friday from 11.00 to 18.00
Anonymous, No Free
Drug STOP, Dianova Association - 800 012 729
Monday to Friday from 9.00 am to 17.00
Anonymous and free.
Villa Maraini Foundation, Rome - 06 657530200/209
Every day from 9.00 am to 21.00
Anonymous, No charge.
Group C, Department of Addiction Local Health Authority 20, Verona - 045 8622232
Monday to Friday from 8.30 am to 13.00 and from 14.30 to 16.00
Anonymous, No charge.
Tell AIDS Green Line SA / 2, Salerno - 800 013 865
Monday to Friday from 9.00 am to 12.00
Monday to Thursday from 16.00 to 18.00
Anonymous and free.
line HIV / STD, ASL Milan - 02 85788912
Monday to Thursday from 9.30 to 15.30
Anonymous, No charge.
Green Line AIDS ASL Napoli / 1 to 800 019 254
24/24 hours Monday to Saturday-Sunday until 14.00.
Anonymous and free
Pro_Positiv, Bolzano - 0471 932200
Monday to Friday from 9.00 am to 13.00
24/24 hour mobile number 335 1304108
Anonymous, No charge.
Gay Help Line, Rome - 800 713713 Arcigay Health - Rome
Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday from 16.00 to 20.00
Anonymous and free.
drug services Montichiari, ASL, Brescia - 030 9962100
Monday to Friday from 9.00 am to 13.00 and from 14.00 alle ore 16.00
No anonimo, No gratuito.
Telefono Verde AIDS Regionale AUSL Bologna – 800 856080
Lunedì dalle ore 9.00 alle ore 12.00 e dalle ore 14.00 alle ore 18.00
Dal Martedì al Venerdì dalle ore 14. alle ore 18.00
Call Center tutti i giorni 24/24 ore.
Anonimo e gratuito.
Infine, è possibile attingere informazioni di carattere generale anche da Internet; bisogna, But check the date and source of information for updating the website which contains information of interest.
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The drafting of this document was prepared by the Working Group, consisting of experts from the Ministry of Labour, Health and Welfare, National Institute of Health, and the referents of AIDS Help Line * Italian participants.
Over time, the document may be revised and, therefore, clarifications and modifications as a result of scientific updates.
* National Service Telephone Verde AIDS, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome - AIDS Solidarity Association (ASA), Milan - ASL RM / AIDS Unit C, District 11, Rome - ASL Varese - White Space Association, Perugia - National Association for the Fight against AIDS (ANLAIDS) Onlus, Rome - National Association for the Fight against AIDS (ANLAIDS) Onlus Lazio - National Association for the Fight against AIDS (ANLAIDS) GVMAS Onlus, Milano - ALA, Milan - Alfaomega Volunteers Association, Mantova - Caritas Ambrosiana, AIDS Secretariat, Milan - Mario Mieli Homosexual Cultural Circle, Rome - Drugs STOP, Dianova Association, Rome - Villa Maraini Foundation, Rome - Group C, Addiction Department, Verona - Italian League for the Fight Against AIDS (LILA), Milano - Italian League Fight Against AIDS (LILA), Trentino - Italian League for the Fight Against AIDS (LILA), Bologna - Italian League for the Fight Against AIDS (LILA) Puglia, Bari - Italian League for the Fight against ' AIDS (LILA) Lazio, Roma - Linea Verde Tell AIDS SA / 2, Salerno - Line HIV / STDs, ASL Città di Milano - Napoli ASL AIDS Green Line / 1 - Pro_Positiv, Bolzano – Gay Help Line, Salute Arcigay,, Roma – Servizio per le Tossicodipendenze Montichiari, ASL, Brescia Roma – Telefono Verde AIDS Regionale AUSL Bologna.
Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Settembre 2010 – anna.luzi@iss.it.
